International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) Trainer Practice Exam

Which factor is NOT associated with the risk of heart disease?

1. Too much alcohol

2. Not enough exercise

3. High protein diet

4. Too much smoking

The correct answer is: High protein diet

A high protein diet is not directly associated with an increased risk of heart disease when consumed as part of a balanced diet. Research indicates that protein can come from various sources, including lean meats, fish, legumes, and plant-based sources, and the overall effect on heart health largely depends on the types of protein consumed and the overall dietary pattern. In contrast, excessive alcohol consumption is linked to high blood pressure, heart failure, and stroke, and is recognized as a risk factor for heart disease. Lack of exercise is also a well-established risk factor because regular physical activity helps maintain cardiovascular health and manage weight. Smoking is widely known to contribute to heart disease by damaging blood vessels and leading to plaque buildup. Thus, while diet is important, not all dietary practices are equivalent in their associations with heart disease risk.